Research library
The studies behind every number on this site
Every protection estimate and evidence rating traces back to the papers below. Each study page summarizes the sample, species, methodology, and measured results, so you can judge the evidence yourself.
9 studies
- Repellency of Essential Oils and Plant-Derived Compounds Against Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes
Lopez AD, Whyms S, Luker HA, Galvan CJ, Holguin FO, Hansen IA · 2025 · Insects 16(1):51
LabWell-supported evidenceArm-in-cage dose-response study for geraniol at 1–10% on human skin, establishing a sigmoidal protection curve with EC50 around 5%.
- Repellent efficacy of 20 essential oils on Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and Ixodes scapularis ticks in contact-repellency assays
Luker HA, Salas KR, Esmaeili D, Holguin FO, Bendzus-Mendoza H, Hansen IA · 2023 · Scientific Reports 13:1705
LabWell-supported evidenceAedes aegypti; Ixodes scapularisArm-in-cage complete-protection-time assays of 20 EPA minimum-risk (25(b)) essential oils formulated as 10% v/v lotion emulsions against Aedes aegypti, plus tick-crossing assays against Ixodes scapularis.
- Efficacy of some wearable devices compared with spray-on insect repellents for Aedes aegypti
Rodriguez SD, Chung H-N, Gonzales KK, et al. · 2017 · Journal of Insect Science 17(1):46
LabWell-supported evidenceAedes aegyptiWind-tunnel attraction-inhibition assays comparing five spray-on repellents against wearable bracelets, a sonic device, a clip-on, and a citronella candle for reducing Aedes aegypti attraction.
- Efficacy of some wearable devices compared with spray-on insect repellents for the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)
Rodriguez SD, Drake LL, Price DP, Hammond JI, Hansen IA · 2015 · Journal of Insect Science 15(1):140
LabWell-supported evidenceWind-tunnel attraction-inhibition assays measuring how spray-on repellents and a range of wearable devices (bracelets, a sonic-output device, and a metofluthrin clip-on) reduced the attraction of female Aedes aegypti to a human hand.
- Efficacy of the new repellent BioUD against three species of Ixodid ticks
Bissinger BW, Apperson CS, Sonenshine DE, Watson DW, Roe RM · 2009 · Experimental and Applied Acarology 48(3):239-250
LabWell-supported evidenceLaboratory choice-test bioassays of BioUD (7.75% 2-undecanone) versus DEET for repellency against the ticks Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor variabilis, and Ixodes scapularis.
- Novel arthropod repellent, BioUD (2-undecanone), is an efficacious alternative to DEET
Witting-Bissinger BE, Stumpf CF, Donohue KV, Apperson CS, Roe RM · 2008 · Journal of Medical Entomology 45(5):891-898
LabWell-supported evidenceArm-in-cage and field trials comparing 7.75% 2-undecanone (BioUD) against 7-30% DEET for mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus) and ticks.
- Comparative repellency of 38 essential oils against mosquito bites
Trongtokit Y, Rongsriyam Y, Komalamisra N, Apiwathnasorn C · 2005 · Phytotherapy Research 19(4):303-309
LabWell-supported evidenceAedes aegyptiLaboratory screen of 38 plant essential oils at 10%, 50%, and undiluted concentrations on human skin against Aedes aegypti, with the best performers retested against Culex quinquefasciatus and Anopheles dirus.
- Formulation of an effective mosquito-repellent topical product from lemongrass oil
Oyedele AO, Gbolade AA, Sosan MB, Adewoyin FB, Soyelu OL, Orafidiya OO · 2002 · Phytomedicine 9(3):259-262
LabWell-supported evidenceEvaluation of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) oil in ointment, cream, and liquid-paraffin bases for topical mosquito repellency against Aedes aegypti.
- Repellency of essential oils to mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae)
Barnard DR · 1999 · Journal of Medical Entomology 36(5):625-629
LabWell-supported evidenceAedes aegyptiLaboratory skin tests of geranium, cedarwood, clove, peppermint, and thyme oils (5-100%) and combinations against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles albimanus.