Research library
The studies behind every number on this site
Every protection estimate and evidence rating traces back to the papers below. Each study page summarizes the sample, species, methodology, and measured results, so you can judge the evidence yourself.
8 studies
- Evaluation of the efficacy of 20% IR3535 with a sustained-release formulation and 25% DEET against mosquitoes in a field setting in Ghana
Abudu M, Asafu-Adjaye A, Osei JHN, et al. · 2025 · Parasites & Vectors 18:398
Field TrialWell-supported evidenceWild mosquito populations (Ghana)Field human-landing-catch evaluation of a sustained-release 20% IR3535 formulation versus 25% DEET against wild mosquito populations in Ghana.
- Evaluation of standard field and laboratory methods to compare protection times of the topical repellents PMD and DEET
Colucci B, Müller P · 2018 · Scientific Reports 8:12578
Field TrialWell-supported evidenceAedes aegyptiHead-to-head comparison of 15% PMD and 15% DEET using arm-in-cage laboratory tests (Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, Culex quinquefasciatus) and two field sites, with the same volunteers across all experiments.
- Performance of the Plant-Based Repellent TT-4302 Against Mosquitoes in the Laboratory and Field and Comparative Efficacy to 16 Mosquito Repellents Against Aedes aegypti
Bissinger BW, Schmidt JP, Owens JJ, Mitchell SM, Kennedy MK · 2014 · Journal of Medical Entomology 51(2):392–399
Field TrialWell-supported evidenceSkin-applied laboratory arm-in-cage plus outdoor field evaluation of a 5% geraniol extended-release formulation (TT-4302) against three mosquito species, compared to 15% DEET and 16 commercial repellents.
- Efficacy of 1% geraniol (Fulltec) as a tick repellent
Khallaayoune K, Biron JM, Chaoui A, Duvallet G · 2009 · Parasite 16(3):223–226
Field TrialLimited evidenceField trial of a 1% geraniol spray applied to cattle on two farms near Rabat, Morocco, measuring tick burden over three weeks.
- Efficacy of the botanical repellents geraniol, linalool, and citronella against mosquitoes
Müller GC, Junnila A, Butler J, Kravchenko VD, Revay EE, Weiss RW, Schlein Y · 2009 · Journal of Vector Ecology 34(1):2-8
Field TrialWell-supported evidencePersonal-protection tests of citronella, linalool, and geraniol delivered by commercial candles and continuous-release diffusers, indoors and outdoors.
- PMD, a Registered Botanical Mosquito Repellent with Deet-Like Efficacy
Carroll SP, Loye J · 2006 · Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 22(3):507-514
Field TrialWell-supported evidenceCombined laboratory and field evaluation of PMD (the active in oil of lemon eucalyptus) with large numbers of human subjects, comparing protection against Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, and Ochlerotatus mosquitoes versus high-concentration DEET.
- Field evaluation of the efficacy and persistence of insect repellents DEET, IR3535, and KBR 3023 against Anopheles gambiae complex and other Afrotropical vector mosquitoes
Costantini C, Badolo A, Ilboudo-Sanogo E · 2004 · Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 98(11):644-652
Field TrialDefinitive evidenceLarge topical field trial in Burkina Faso directly comparing skin-applied DEET, IR3535, and KBR 3023 (picaridin) against wild malaria vectors, with over 49,000 mosquitoes collected (~95% Anopheles gambiae complex).
- Laboratory and field evaluations of the insect repellent 3535 (ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate) and deet against mosquito vectors in Thailand
Thavara U, Tawatsin A, Chompoosri J, Suwonkerd W, Chansang UR, Asavadachanukorn P · 2001 · Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association 17(3):190-195
Field TrialWell-supported evidencePaired laboratory arm-in-cage and field human-landing topical evaluations of IR3535 versus DEET against multiple mosquito vectors in Thailand.